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August 20, 2008
Novel fungus helps beetles to digest hard wood


(The larva of Asian longhorned beetle feeds and develops exclusively on the the inner-wood of deciduous trees. A fungus within its gut alters lignin and makes it easier to break down wood. Credit: Joshua Peter Kaffer).

University Park, Pa. -- A little known fungus tucked away in the gut of Asian longhorned beetles helps the insect munch through the hardest of woods according to a team of entomologists and biochemists. Researchers say the ... more >>


Asian long-horned beetle View Full Story
Posted by drtom at 12:07 AM in Natural History, Evolution | Comments (1) | Post Comment

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Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America

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Over 600 drawings and 65 color paintings portray representative species of the 111 families of North American beetles. Includes information on collecting and preserving beetles.

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WHAT THIS PORTAL IS ABOUT

(Fernow Hall at Cornell University, where I have spent the past 28 years of my life. Photo by DrTom).

UNDERSTAND, LOVE, PROTECT!

I have always liked this adage by Baba Dioum, the Senegalese environmentalist: "In the end we will conserve only what we love. We love only what we understand. We will understand only what we are taught." So understanding, at least at some level, is essential. For nearly 30 years, I have taught university students in the classroom. I estimate that I have instructed about 2,000 students during this phase of my life. Some have become biologists, policy makers, environmental lawyers, veterinarians, or professors, and some have become dance instructors, models, and actors. I know that many of them have been enriched by the small-group interactions we shared in the classroom and in the field; certainly, I benefited as much as they.

But the internet empowers us to reach a greater number of people than ever before. There are millions of people who will never attend an Ivy League university, or perhaps any type of higher education, who would benefit from learning more about the world around them. All they need is internet access, encouragement, and guidance. In time, they could provide a focused point of view on the health of the environment in the place they know best--where they live. But before this army of local experts can be mustered, the citizenry must become informed and involved. That is my mission.

I am a conservationist who teaches and conducts research. I have studied birds, lizards, and frogs in Costa Rican rainforests, bobolinks in New York meadows, white-tailed deer along the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest, ground squirrels in Idaho sagebrush, and wildlife in Arizona. But it always comes back to the same two values for me—the natural history of organisms is fascinating, and I care about conserving our natural heritage. I also believe that human well-being is at stake, which is most evident for people who live "close to the land". The earth and her people need our help, and they need it now!

The content here conveys what I and many others have learned about the natural world. We will explore the scientific method as a way of knowing, but learning is a two-way street. I urge you to share your knowledge and observations from across the globe. Get outside and peer inside a flower, listen to a bird sing (really listen), or follow an ant through the forest. Or figure out a clever way to reduce your carbon footprint. Or listen to an elder tell a story from his youth. Then, return here and tell us about it.

Naturally yours,

Thomas (DrTom) Gavin

The ''MatchMaker''!

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PERSONAL ESSAYS ON TOPICS THAT MATTER

“After”, then “before”

I spent last week in one of my favorite places, the Las Cruces Biological Station in southern Costa Rica. The station is one of three research stations operated in Costa Rica by the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). The director at Las Cruces, Zak Zahawi, had invited a few of us to present a summary of our research there in a workshop/conference format. I was accompanied by two of my students, Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez and Martin Schlaepfer (now a professor at Syracuse). Vivi prepared most of the material that I presented, and Martin gave an overview of his fascinating work on lizards and frogs. Our collective work focused on the effects of forest fragmentation on understory bird populations and on herps.

My graduate students and I began doing research in and around Las Cruces in 1993, a project that ended earlier this year. It represents the end of an era for me, because this was the last research project with which I will be involved as Cornell faculty, given my pending retirement. My students and I employed an intensive mist-netting program to capture and mark birds permanently with aluminum leg bands. In total, we logged about 15,000 captures of about 200 species during the project. Many individuals were recaptured many times in this rugged landscape. Sophisticated quantitative techniques are then used to estimate annual survival rate, population size, and the probability that birds will move from one forest fragment to another. We have published several scientific papers on this work, with more to come.

When I started the project, I usually described it as a study of the effects of forest fragmentation on bird populations. But after a while, I realized that was incorrect. The clearing of forests that had resulted in the fragmentation we witness today was done by Italian immigrants in the 1950s. Presumably, many of the “effects” of this event already had occurred way before I arrived there in the early 1990s. Some bird species probably had gone extinct before our study started, for example. So, I began describing our research as “how birds live in a fragmented landscape.”

But now, something very exciting may happen. LCBS is interested in purchasing privately-owned land along the ridge between LCBS (260 ha) and the Guaymi Indigenous Reserve (7,000 ha) about 7 km further west. This would create a corridor that would connect these two important pieces of primary forest. From this researcher’s point of view, this is extremely important, because if this corridor area is allowed to regenerate forest from its current state as cattle pasture, our study fragments would eventually become part of a large contiguous forest again. I was not able to do the “before and after” study that I would have preferred, but someone would be able to do the “after and before” study, if you catch my drift.

Stay tuned for more developments on this interesting issue.

DrTom

Videos selected by DrTom: Red-capped manakin sexual display

SCIENCE NEWS: Spanish, French, German

(Die Europäische Wildkatze (Felis silvestris silvestris) ist ein scheuer Waldbewohner, der um Straßen und menschliche Siedlungen einen großen Bogen macht. Foto: Mathias Herrmann)

Damit die Katze das Mausen nicht lässt

Ökologische Modellierer schaffen wissenschaftliche Basis für bundesweites Korridornetz zum Schutz der Europäischen Wildkatze

Leipzig. Ein internationales Forscherteam hat erstmals ein Modell entwickelt, das potenzielle Lebensräume und Wanderkorridore für die Europäische Wildkatze (Felis silvestris silvestris) identifiziert. Am Beispiel von Rheinland-Pfalz konnte so ermittelt werden, dass fast die Hälfte dieses Bundeslandes für Wildkatzen geeignet ist, was eine maximale Population von 1600 Weibchen ermöglichen würde. Das Modell könne auch für andere Regionen angepasst werden und so eine große Hilfe für den Schutz dieser stark gefährdeten Art sein, schreiben die Forscher im Fachblatt Biological Conservation. Die Untersuchungen bilden die wissenschaftliche Basis für ein Netz von Waldkorridoren, das der Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland in den nächsten Jahren mit Unterstützung der Bundesländer voranbringen will. Schätzungen zufolge leben momentan etwa 3000 bis 5000 Wildkatzen in Deutschland verstreut. Das bundesweite Netz soll helfen, die isolierten Populationen wieder miteinander zu verbinden und neue Regionen für die Wildkatze im Osten Deutschlands zu erschließen. Auch in der Schweiz wird der Bestand an Wildkatzen gerade erfasst und modelliert, um die Art künftig besser schützen zu können.

Rückkehr eines Ureinwohners

Auf ihren Samtpfoten streifen sie seit Urzeiten durch die Wälder Europas – lange bevor der Mensch mit Äxten Schneisen schlug und die Römer ihre Hauskatzen aus Nordafrika hierher brachten. Die Wildkatze sieht unserer Hauskatze zwar sehr ähnlich, ist mit ihr aber nur sehr weit entfernt verwandt. Am leichtesten sind die beiden Arten am Schwanz zu unterscheiden: Der ist bei den kräftigeren Wildkatzen buschig, mit schwarzem stumpfem Ende und einigen schwarzen Ringen. Als Hauptnahrungsquelle dienen Mäuse. Überlebt haben die Europäischen Wildkatzen vor allem in den Wäldern des Karpatenbogens, des Balkans und Spaniens.

Deutsche und spanische Forscher des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung, der Freien Universität Berlin, der Firma OEKO-LOG sowie der Biologischen Stationen im Kreis Euskirchen und in Doñana/Spanien haben jetzt erstmals ein ökologisches Modell entwickelt, um geeignete Lebensräume für Wildkatzen zu finden. Dazu hatten sie sechs Kater und sechs Katzen mit Sendern ausgestattet und auf diese Weise das Wanderverhalten beobachtet. In vier Jahren entstand so eine Datenbank mit über 13.000 Einträgen zu Orten, an denen sich Wildkatzen aufhalten. Als Untersuchungsgebiet diente ein 150 Quadratkilometer großes Areal in der südlichen Eifel bei Wittlich. Drei Viertel des dünn besiedelten Gebietes sind mit Wald bedeckt. Anschließend extrapolierten die Forscher ihre Daten auf ganz Rheinland-Pfalz. Hier leben etwa die Hälfte der gesamten deutschen Wildkatzenpopulation. Das knapp 20.000 Quadratkilometer große Bundesland ist durch bergiges Gelände mit vielen Wäldern geprägt, die fast die Hälfte der Fläche ausmachen. Die Biologin Nina Klar vom UFZ wertete dann für ihre Promotion geographische Informationen aus, um zu ermitteln, wo überall in Rheinland-Pfalz Wildkatzen leben könnten.

Vom Beobachtungsmuster zum Modell

Überprüft wurde das Modell in zwei Testgebieten: dem Bienwald an der Grenze zu Frankreich und in der nördlichen Eifel an der Grenze zu Belgien. Als entscheidend stellte sich dabei der Abstand zu menschlichen Siedlungen heraus: "Um Dörfer machen die scheuen Waldbewohner einen großen Bogen. In einem Kilometer Umkreis tauchen sie seltener auf und selbst bei einzelnen Häusern oder Straßen sind es immerhin noch 200 Meter", berichtet Nina Klar. "Interessanterweise deckt sich dieser "Sicherheitsabstand" mit Beobachtungen von Luchsen", ergänzt ihr spanischer Kollege Dr. Néstor Fernández, der an Modellen für die beiden Tierarten gearbeitet hat. "Die Wildkatzen schützen sich so nicht nur vor Menschen und Hunden, sondern begegnen auch Hauskatzen seltener, was die niedrige Rate an Kreuzungen zwischen beiden Arten erklären könnte." Neben der Distanz zum Menschen spielt auch die Dichte des Waldes und die Nähe zu Waldrändern und Wiesen eine Rolle. Bei ihren Untersuchungen beobachteten die Forscher, dass die Wildkatzen oft nachts Mäuse auf Wiesen am Waldesrand jagten und sich tagsüber im Dickicht ausruhten: "Feuchte Gebiete sind auch gut für Wildkatzen, da dort Schermäuse (Arvicola terrestris) vorkommen können, die eine besonders lohnenswerte Beute sind." Knapp die Hälfte der Fläche von Rheinland-Pfalz erfüllt die von den Forschern ermittelten Mindestanforderungen an den Lebensraum. In dem Bundesland wäre also theoretisch Platz für 1600 Wildkatzen-Weibchen.

Trotz guter Lebensbedingungen wurden in zwei Waldgebieten im Rheintal und nordöstlich des Rheins lange keine Wildkatzen gesichtet. Offenbar sind diese Gebiete von der Population abgeschnitten. Es fehlt an geeigneten Korridoren, durch die die Tiere in diese Reviere kommen könnten. Das Beispiel ist symptomatisch: In vielen Waldgebieten könnte die scheue Art heimisch werden, wenn sie es erst einmal dorthin schaffen würde. Schwarzwald, Oberpfälzer Wald, Erzgebirge, Thüringer Wald, Lüneburger Heide und selbst die ausgedehnten Waldgebiete Brandenburgs sind momentan weiße Flecken auf der Wildkatzenkarte. Auch die Populationen in Hessen und im Harz sind von der in Rheinland-Pfalz isoliert, was den genetischen Austausch verhindert und langfristig gesehen den Bestand bedroht.

Planungen für ein bundesweites Netz von Wanderkorridoren

Nina Klar hat deshalb im Auftrag des Bundes für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschlands (BUND) potenzielle Korridore ermittelt, mit denen diese Waldgebiete verbunden werden könnten. Damit wurde für das bereits 2004 begonnene Projekt "Rettungsnetz Wildkatze" des BUND eine bundesweite Planungsgrundlage für den Naturschutz am Beispiel der Wildkatze entwickelt. Wenn es nach dem BUND geht, dann soll in den nächsten Jahren in Zusammenarbeit mit den Bundesländern ein insgesamt 20.000 Kilometer langes Netz von Wanderkorridoren entstehen. Das würde der Hälfte des deutschen Bundesstraßennetzes entsprechen.

Ein erster Meilenstein des ungewöhnlichen Bauprojekts war im vergangenen Herbst die Pflanzung von 20.000 Bäumen und Büschen, die es wandernden Tieren schon bald wieder ermöglichen sollen, vom Nationalpark Hainich gefahrlos in den Thüringer Wald zu gelangen. "Eine überregionale und Grenzen überschreitende Naturschutzplanung ist die Voraussetzung für die Umsetzung von Wanderkorridoren für Wildtiere. Das Beispiel des Korridors Hainich – Thüringer Wald zeigt, dass es nicht bei der Planung bleiben muss", sagt Thomas Mölich, BUND-Leiter des "Rettungsnetzes Wildkatze". Mölich hofft, dass der nun vorliegende "Wildkatzenwegeplan" zur besseren Bündelung von Naturschutzmaßnahmen führt und die Umsetzung solcher Projekte in Zukunft beschleunigt werden kann. Sieben Jahre immerhin hat es gebraucht, bis der erste Abschnitt dieses Wanderkorridors in Abstimmung mit Behörden, Straßenbauern und Landwirten realisiert werden konnte, obwohl das hierfür erforderliche Geld durch gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Ausgleichs- und Ersatzmaßnahmen für die Verlegung eines Abschnittes der Autobahn A4 zur Verfügung stand.

Da, wo neue Wildkorridore nicht in Straßenbaumaßnahmen integriert werden können, ist der BUND aber auf Spenden angewiesen. Spenden, die helfen sollen, dass einer der ursprünglichen Bewohner unserer Wälder zurückkehren kann und irgendwann auch in Sachsen, Brandenburg oder Mecklenburg-Vorpommern wieder heimisch wird.

Tilo Arnhold

BOOK REVIEWS

If you would like to submit a short review of any book on the natural history of any organism, or on the environment, please send me a message. I only need 2-3 paragraphs. Thanks.

DrTom

CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT: Jeremy Jackson

Title: Perspectives on Ocean Science: Silent Ocean

Description: For time immemorial, humanity has looked at the world's oceans as a vast unending sea of resources, but imagine a Serengeti where the elephants and the lions are gone and the top consumers are termites and locusts. That is what is happening in the ocean. Join Dr. Jeremy Jackson as he considers the biological future of the oceans in the context of accelerated human disturbance. Series: "Perspectives on Ocean Science"

FEATURED BIOLOGICAL STATION (scientists, tourists, and students)

SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION, PANAMA

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution (STRI) in Panama, is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution based outside of the United States, is dedicated to understanding biological diversity. What began in 1923 as small field station on Barro Colorado Island, in the Panama Canal Zone, has developed into one of the leading research institutions of the world. STRI’s facilities provide a unique opportunity for long-term ecological studies in the tropics, and are used extensively by some 900 visiting scientists from academic and research institutions in the United States and around the world every year. The work of our resident scientists has allowed us to better understand tropical habitats and has trained hundreds of tropical biologists.

STRI aims to offer research facilities that allow staff scientists, fellows, and visiting scientists to achieve their research objectives. The 38 staff scientists reside in the tropics and are encouraged to pursue their own research priorities without geographic limitations. The continuity of their long-term programs enables in-depth investigations that attract an elite group of fellows and visitors. Active support for fellows and visitors leverages resources further and attracts more than 900 scientists to STRI each year. Although STRI is based in Panama, research is conducted throughout the tropics. STRI's Center for Tropical Forest Science uses large, fully enumerated forest plots to monitor tree demography in 14 countries located in Africa, Asia and the Americas. More than 3,000,000 individual trees representing 6,000 species are being studied. STRI's Biological Diversity of Forest Fragments project created experimental forest fragments of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 km 2 to study the consequences of landscape transformation on forest integrity in the central Amazon region. STRI marine scientists are conducting a global survey of levels of genetic isolation in coral reef organisms.

STRI's primary advantages

Access to the Barro Colorado Nature Monument

The Barro Colorado Nature Monument includes the 1,600-hectare Barro Colorado Island, which is covered with tropical forest and boasts a nearly intact mammal fauna. With an unparalleled store of background information reflecting 80 years of increasingly intense research in a protected setting, as well as accommodations and modern laboratories, BCI has long been a major center for tropical research. The Barro Colorado Nature Monument –which adjoins Panama 's 22,000-hectare Soberania National Park —also includes 4,000 hectares of surrounding mainland peninsulas covered by forests in various stages of succession, serving as a site for manipulative field experiments.

Marine laboratories

STRI has marine laboratories on both coasts of Panama, including a new Caribbean laboratory at Bocas del Toro, and a modern research vessel, giving access to two very different oceans that are only 80 km apart. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans were divided by the Isthmus of Panama about three million years ago, creating a superb "natural experiment" in evolution.

Canopy Cranes

A tower crane in a dry forest near Panama City and another in a rainforest near the mouth of the Chagres River on Panama 's Caribbean side, provide access to two very different types of canopies.

Other advantages

Other facilities include:

Offices, laboratories, and a major library in Panama City. Accommodations and laboratory facilities in Gamboa, near the 22,000-hectare Soberania National Park. A field station in western Panama at Fortuna, providing access to tropical montane forest. A resident international staff of over 35 scientists. Fellowship support for students and visiting scientists for stays ranging from ten weeks to three years. A network of collaborating individuals and institutions distributed throughout the tropics.

Previously featured stations:

Edward J. Meeman Biological Station, Tennessee, U.S.

Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station, French Polynesia

Marich Pass Field Studies Centre, Kenya

Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand

W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan, U.S.

Las Cruces Biological Station, San Vito, Costa Rica

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SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT: 350 Challenge

June 16, 2008

Thomas—

Four weeks ago, we launched the 350 Challenge to help bloggers like yourself raise awareness for the fight against global warming.

You quickly rose to the challenge. Today we're proud to announce that not only did we hit our goal, but we blew right past it. As of this morning, over 400 bloggers are participating in the challenge.

Thanks to you, Brighter Planet will now offset 140,000 pounds of CO2 on behalf of everyone who participated. Soon, you will receive an offset certificate to commemorate your involvement.

Since we've hit our goal, we'll stop pestering you for help, but due to the campaign's success, we've decided to leave it open for now. We'll continue to offset 350 pounds of CO2 for each new blogger who joins the fight.

We're now working on some new, creative ways to continue raising awareness. Please join our facebook fan page to stay current. If you have any suggestions, we'd love to hear them.

—Adam

Adam Rubin

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TAXONOMY MATTERS!

(Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)).

There are about 40 species of dolphins, which are distinct from porpoises and whales. All dolphins are in the family Delphinidae. The Killer Whale is a dolphin. Click on link below to see the entire list of species.

It amazes me that......

pundits on television keep asking why the price of oil is going up. Most estimates indicate we have already used up 50% of all the oil that was ever on earth, and we are now working on the remaining 50%. There are 6.4 billion people on earth, and we are adding an additional 80 million per year. The two most populous nations, India and China, have a rapidly growing middle class who want to own cars and drive. The whole world wants to consume like Americans, if they can.

I never even took an economics course in college, but the supply/demand curve here is a no-brainer. I predict that in my lifetime (and I'm 61), I will see the day when we remember how cheap oil was in the good ole days at $100 a barrel. (February 2008)

DrTom's Portal Tip #6

Your Profile

Remember that you have the option of building a profile for yourself that can be a sort of online resume. Check out "Deer" for his recent upgrade. Do not be bashful about selling yourself. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to publicize who you are and what you can do to create opportunities for yourself.

Also realize that when you are in your profile page, you make changes in Admin mode. You can, however, toggle to the view that the rest of us see when you want to check its appearance.

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